Maior frequência de neuropatia periférica diabética associada ao hiperparatireoidismo secundário / Higher prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy associated with secondary hyperparathyroidism

INTRODUÇÃO: A neuropatia periférica diabética (ND) é comum na nefropatia diabética (NFD) e não há informações se o hiperparatireoidismo secundário (HPS) aumenta seus sintomas. O objetivo foi determinar ND por sinais em pacientes com HPS. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: É um estudo caso-controle. O Grupo Controle (GC) é composto por doentes com NFD e valores de paratormônio (PTH)<60pg / ml. O Grupo de Hiperparatireoidismo (GH) engloba pacientes com NFD e PTH≥60pg/ml e critérios bioquímicos de HPS. As variáveis foram, entre outras, a presença de sinais de ND e foram comparados com o teste t de Student e o qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS: Foram 60 participantes em cada grupo, sendo 35 (58,3%) homens no GC vs 33 (55,0%) em GH (p = 0,713). A idade do GC foi de 67±11,0 anos, vs 72±11 anos GH (p=0,009). A taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG) no GC foi 53,82±25,13 vs GH 35,34±18,43ml/min/1,73m2 (p <0,001). O PTH no GC foi de 38,02±15,32 pg/ml, em GH 119,07±84,33 pg/ml (p <0,001). A ND, devido aos sintomas no GC, foi de 28,3% e 36,6% no GH (p=0,330). A neuropatia por sinais no GC foi de 38,3% e no GH 83,3% (p<0,001). O odds ratio de GH para neuropatia presente devido a sinais foi de 8,044 (IC 95% 3,42­8,92). CONCLUSÃO: Constatou-se uma maior presença de sinais de NPD em pacientes com HPS em nosso centro.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DN) is common in diabetic nephropathy (DNP), and there is no information if secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHP) increases its symptoms. The purpose was to determine DN by signs in patients with SHP. METHODS: It is a case-control study. Control patients (CG) with DN and parathyroid hormone (PTH) values<60pg/ml. The Hyperparathyroidism group (HG), patients with DNP and PTH≥60pg/ml and HPS biochemical criteria. The variables were, among others, the presence of DN signs, and were compared with Student's t and chi-square. RESULTS: There were 60 participants in each group, 35(58.3%) men in CG vs.33(55.0%) in GH (p=0.713). The age of the CG was 67±11.0 years, vs 72±11years HG (p=0.009). The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the CG was 53.82±25.13 vs in HG 35.34±18.43ml/min/1.73m2(p<0.001). The PTH in the CG were 38.02±15.32pg/ml and in GH 119.07±84.33pg/ml(p<0.001). The DN due to symptoms in CG was 28.3% and in GH 36.6%(p=0.330). Neuropathy due to signs in the CG was 38.3% and in GH 83.3% (p<0.001). The HG odds ratio to present neuropathy due to signs was 8.044 (95% CI 3.42­18.92). CONCLUSION: There was a statistical association between HPS and signs of DN in patients with DNP in our canter.

Reducción de eventos cardiovasculares de Lomitapida versus Estatinas en pacientes con diagnóstico de hipercolesterolemia fa-miliar. Protocolo de revisión sistemática / Reduction of cardiovascular events of Lomitapida versus Statins in patients with a diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia: A systematic review protocol

Introducción: La hipercolesterolemia familiar (HF) un trastorno genético autosómico domi-nante que produce un desarrollo prematuro de enfermedades cardiovasculares. Las estati-nas han sido el medicamento de elección en estos pacientes, sin embargo, un buen por-centaje de pacientes no pueden alcanzar sus objetivos terapéuticas con las dosis máximas por lo que la Lomitapida se podría establecer como una nueva alternativa de tratamiento. Objetivo: El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática es determinar si la Lomitapida reduce los eventos cardiovasculares en pacientes con diagnóstico de Hipercolesterolemia familiar comparado con estatinas. Métodos: Se incluirán ensayos controlados aleatorios (ECA) y cuasialeatorios de pacientes con diagnóstico de HF. Las medidas de resultado los niveles de LDL, HDL pos tratamiento y eventos cardiovasculares. Las búsquedas electrónicas se realizarán en PUBMED, The Coch-rane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), EMBASE y Scientific electronic library (Scielo). En la evaluación del riesgo de sesgo se utilizará la herramienta de Cochrane. Las medidas del efecto del tratamiento serán las diferencias de medias (DM) y los intervalos de confianza (IC) del 95%. La evaluación de heterogeneidad se realizará mediante la inspec-ción visual del diagrama de embudo. La evaluación de la calidad de la evidencia se reali-zará usando la evaluación GRADE.

Introduction: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal dominant genetic disor-der that produces hypercholesterolemia and premature development of cardiovascular diseas-es. Statins are the drug of choice in these patients; however, a high percentage of patients cannot achieve their therapeutic goals with the maximum recommended doses, so Lo-mitapide may prove to be useful as a new treatment alternative to traditional statins. Objective: The objective of this systematic review is to determine if Lomitapide is better than statins at reducing cardiovascular events in patients with a diagnosis of FH. Methods: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-randomized trials of patients di-agnosed with FH will be included. Primary outcome measures included several parameters: 1. Post-treatment low- and high-density lipoprotein (LDL and HDL, respectively) levels and 2. Presence of cardiovascular events. Electronic searches will be conducted in PUBMED, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), EMBASE, and the scientific elec-tronic library (Scielo). The assessment of the risk of bias will be used by the Cochrane tool. The measures of the treatment effect will be considered the mean differences (MD) and the 95% confidence intervals (CI). The evaluation of heterogeneity will be done by visual inspec-tion of the funnel diagram. The evaluation of the quality of the evidence will be done using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) ap-proach.

Reducción de eventos cardiovasculares de Lomitapida versus Estatinas en pacientes con diagnóstico de hipercolesterolemia fa-miliar. Protocolo de revisión sistemática / Reduction of cardiovascular events of Lomitapida versus Statins in patients with a diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia: A systematic review protocol

Introducción: La hipercolesterolemia familiar (HF) un trastorno genético autosómico domi-nante que produce un desarrollo prematuro de enfermedades cardiovasculares. Las estati-nas han sido el medicamento de elección en estos pacientes, sin embargo, un buen por-centaje de pacientes no pueden alcanzar sus objetivos terapéuticas con las dosis máximas por lo que la Lomitapida se podría establecer como una nueva alternativa de tratamiento. Objetivo: El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática es determinar si la Lomitapida reduce los eventos cardiovasculares en pacientes con diagnóstico de Hipercolesterolemia familiar comparado con estatinas. Métodos: Se incluirán ensayos controlados aleatorios (ECA) y cuasialeatorios de pacientes con diagnóstico de HF. Las medidas de resultado los niveles de LDL, HDL pos tratamiento y eventos cardiovasculares. Las búsquedas electrónicas se realizarán en PUBMED, The Coch-rane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), EMBASE y Scientific electronic library (Scielo). En la evaluación del riesgo de sesgo se utilizará la herramienta de Cochrane. Las medidas del efecto del tratamiento serán las diferencias de medias (DM) y los intervalos de confianza (IC) del 95%. La evaluación de heterogeneidad se realizará mediante la inspec-ción visual del diagrama de embudo. La evaluación de la calidad de la evidencia se reali-zará usando la evaluación GRADE.

Introduction: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal dominant genetic disor-der that produces hypercholesterolemia and premature development of cardiovascular diseas-es. Statins are the drug of choice in these patients; however, a high percentage of patients cannot achieve their therapeutic goals with the maximum recommended doses, so Lo-mitapide may prove to be useful as a new treatment alternative to traditional statins. Objective: The objective of this systematic review is to determine if Lomitapide is better than statins at reducing cardiovascular events in patients with a diagnosis of FH. Methods: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-randomized trials of patients di-agnosed with FH will be included. Primary outcome measures included several parameters: 1. Post-treatment low- and high-density lipoprotein (LDL and HDL, respectively) levels and 2. Presence of cardiovascular events. Electronic searches will be conducted in PUBMED, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), EMBASE, and the scientific elec-tronic library (Scielo). The assessment of the risk of bias will be used by the Cochrane tool. The measures of the treatment effect will be considered the mean differences (MD) and the 95% confidence intervals (CI). The evaluation of heterogeneity will be done by visual inspec-tion of the funnel diagram. The evaluation of the quality of the evidence will be done using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) ap-proach.

Reducción de eventos cardiovasculares de Lomitapida versus Estatinas en pacientes con diagnóstico de hipercolesterolemia fa-miliar. Protocolo de revisión sistemática / Reduction of cardiovascular events of Lomitapida versus Statins in patients with a diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia: A systematic review protocol

Introducción: La hipercolesterolemia familiar (HF) un trastorno genético autosómico domi-nante que produce un desarrollo prematuro de enfermedades cardiovasculares. Las estati-nas han sido el medicamento de elección en estos pacientes, sin embargo, un buen por-centaje de pacientes no pueden alcanzar sus objetivos terapéuticas con las dosis máximas por lo que la Lomitapida se podría establecer como una nueva alternativa de tratamiento. Objetivo: El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática es determinar si la Lomitapida reduce los eventos cardiovasculares en pacientes con diagnóstico de Hipercolesterolemia familiar comparado con estatinas. Métodos: Se incluirán ensayos controlados aleatorios (ECA) y cuasialeatorios de pacientes con diagnóstico de HF. Las medidas de resultado los niveles de LDL, HDL pos tratamiento y eventos cardiovasculares. Las búsquedas electrónicas se realizarán en PUBMED, The Coch-rane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), EMBASE y Scientific electronic library (Scielo). En la evaluación del riesgo de sesgo se utilizará la herramienta de Cochrane. Las medidas del efecto del tratamiento serán las diferencias de medias (DM) y los intervalos de confianza (IC) del 95%. La evaluación de heterogeneidad se realizará mediante la inspec-ción visual del diagrama de embudo. La evaluación de la calidad de la evidencia se reali-zará usando la evaluación GRADE.

Introduction: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal dominant genetic disor-der that produces hypercholesterolemia and premature development of cardiovascular diseas-es. Statins are the drug of choice in these patients; however, a high percentage of patients cannot achieve their therapeutic goals with the maximum recommended doses, so Lo-mitapide may prove to be useful as a new treatment alternative to traditional statins. Objective: The objective of this systematic review is to determine if Lomitapide is better than statins at reducing cardiovascular events in patients with a diagnosis of FH. Methods: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-randomized trials of patients di-agnosed with FH will be included. Primary outcome measures included several parameters: 1. Post-treatment low- and high-density lipoprotein (LDL and HDL, respectively) levels and 2. Presence of cardiovascular events. Electronic searches will be conducted in PUBMED, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), EMBASE, and the scientific elec-tronic library (Scielo). The assessment of the risk of bias will be used by the Cochrane tool. The measures of the treatment effect will be considered the mean differences (MD) and the 95% confidence intervals (CI). The evaluation of heterogeneity will be done by visual inspec-tion of the funnel diagram. The evaluation of the quality of the evidence will be done using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) ap-proach.

Impaired Reconversion of Bone Marrow in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in Patients with Chronic Renal Disease.

BACKGROUND: Anemia is one of the main consequences of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), which causes a bone marrow response determined by Magnetic Resonance Imaging. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to identify Bone Marrow Reconversion (BMR) by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in patients with CKD. METHODS: A descriptive study was carried in "José Carrasco Arteaga" Hospital, Cuenca-Ecuador. Images of the femurs of patients diagnosed with CKD were acquired by magnetic resonance imaging. Several variables, including age, sex, CKD stage, anemia and BMR, were taken into account. Groups are analyzed according to the stages CKD with the Anova test and logistic regression is obtained for the BMR event with the study variables. RESULTS: Two hundred sixteen patients were included in this analysis. Prevalences of Anemia were 2/40 (5%) in Group 1, 3/35 (8.6%) in group 2, 17/56 (30.4%) in group 3, 23/46 (50%) in group 4 and 25/39 (64.1%) in group 5, Anova P<0.0001. BMR in Group 1 was 12 cases (30%), in group 2: 4 cases (11.4%), in group 3: 18 cases (32.1%), in group 4: 13 cases (28.3%), and group 5: 17 cases (43.6%). P=0.51. Regression equation for BMR were significant with sex (male) OR 0.193 (CI95% 0.092-0.405) P<0.0001, CKD Stage 1 OR 0.195 (0.057-0.668) P=0.009, Stage 2 OR 0.082 (0.020-0.329). Other variables were not significant. CONCLUSION: In this study, we describe that there is an impaired Reconversion of Bone Marrow in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients with Chronic Renal Disease in stages 3, 4 and 5, despite the progressive presence of anemia. The female sex is associated with the presence of bone marrow reconversion. No statistical dependence was observed between anemia and the reconversion of bone marrow.

Predictive equation of metastasis in patients with malignant ovarian epithelial tumors with the Ca-125 marker.

BACKGROUND: Cancer antigen (CA) 125 (CA-125) is used in ovarian cancer detection and monitoring, whose serum level has a positive correlation with tumor stage. The aim of this study was to obtain a prediction metastasis equation in a group of patients with ovarian cancer based on Ca-125. METHODS: A 2-group comparative observational study was conducted at a single oncologic institution (SOLCA) in Cuenca-Ecuador. All patients who were diagnosed with ovarian cancer between January 1996 and December 2016 were included in the current study. Group 1 (G1) patients with the I and II International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage and Metastasis Group (MG), with III and IV stage, were subdivided. A logistic regression equation was performed to predict metastasis based on Logarithm of serum Ca-125 levels. RESULTS: We included 85 cases in G1 and 64 patients in MG, with 47.8 ± 15 years (G1) and 57.5 ± 13.6 years (MG) of age (P < 0.001). Mortality in G1 was 2 cases (3.1%) and 53 cases (62.4%) in MG (P < 0.001). The CA-125 serum level was 163.5 ± 236 in G1 and 1220.9 ± 1940 u / ml in MG (P < 0.001). The equation to predict metastasis = (Age*0.053) + [(Logarithm Ca-125 value) * 1.078] - 8.163 with an OR 2.940 (CI 95% 2.046-4.223) P < 0.001. The sensitivity of the equation was 82.4% and the specificity was 79.7%. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to predict the presence of metastasis in a group of patients with ovarian cancer based on Ca-125.

Rara localización de tumor pardo en paciente pediátrico / Rare brown tumor location in chronic renal failure

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Medicina del futuro en los venenos de animales. Ecuador como fuente importante de investigación / Medicine of the future in the poisons of animals. Ecuador as an important source of research

La evolución ha permitido que varios anima-les produzcan secreciones para su supervivencia: los venenos, aquellos que son dañinos y letales cuando ejercen sus efectos en el organismo, modifican las respuestas normales como por ejemplo la coagulación y el pro-ceso inflamatorio. Presentamos una revisión bibliográfica actualizada de los venenos que pueden ser empleados y así explicar cómo estas sustancias pueden representar una terapéutica en el futuro; de la misma manera describimos la situación de nuestro país que puede ser fuente de investigación en este tema.

The evolution has allowed that several ani-mals produce secretions for their survival: poi-sons, those that are harmful and lethal when they exert their effects on the body, altering the normal responses such as the coagulation and the inflammatory process. An updated li-terature review of poisons is presented which can be employed to explain how these subs-tances can represent a future therapy; in the same way our country situation is described because it could be a source of research on this topic.

Identification of impeding factors for dry weight achievement in end-stage renal disease after appropriate kidney graft function.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors that prevent dry weight achievement in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in renal replacement therapy through the change in their body weight after kidney transplant (KT) compared with 1 week before KT. The study included 188 ESRD patients of diverse etiology who received living kidney transplantation with normal immediate graft function, 62.2% were male, age 29 ± 11 years old. All patients were on renal replacement therapy for at least 1 month before KT with either hemodiafiltration (N = 106), hemodialysis (N = 25), or peritoneal dialysis (N = 57). Based on body weight difference (after transplant-before transplant), patients with body weight difference ≤2 kg were considered as being close to their dry weight (Group 1, N = 112), whereas patients with body weight difference >2 kg were considered as being overhydrated (Group 2, N = 76). Clinical and biochemical characteristics were obtained from the medical records at three periods of time: time of ESRD initiation (baseline), 1 week before undergoing KT, and 1 week after KT. The mean time (± standard deviation) from renal replacement therapy initiation to the week before KT was 9.2 ± 5 months. Group 2 had a higher proportion of men, antihypertensive use, peritoneal dialysis, and higher urine output during all periods. Before KT, Group 2 had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures than Group 1. After KT, both systolic and diastolic blood pressures decreased in Group 2, whereas no change occurred in Group 1. Before KT, Group 2 had higher levels of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, uric acid, and phosphorous compared with Group 1. Compared with baseline, Group 1 had more optimal blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and uric acid parameters before KT than Group 2. After KT, all parameters improved with respect to baseline in both groups. Hemoglobin, albumin, and sodium were similar between groups, except for higher hemoglobin in Group 2 than Group 1 after KT. Multivariate regression analysis showed that male sex, peritoneal dialysis, and systolic blood pressure before KT were independent risk factors for overhydration. In conclusion, high systolic blood pressure and peritoneal dialysis were two independent modifiable variables associated with overhydration before KT. Assessment of the body weight change after KT is a useful tool to evaluate dry weight, in addition to identifying variables associated with poor volume control. This could allow adjustment of clinical and dialysis parameters in future patients.

Association of intradialytic hypotension and convective volume in hemodiafiltration: results from a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Hemodiafiltration (HDF), as a convective blood purification technique, has been associated with favorable outcomes improved phosphate control, removal of middle-molecules such as Beta2-microglobulin and the occurrence of intradialytic hypotension (IDH) as compared to diffusive techniques. The aim of this retrospective cohort study in dialysis patients receiving HDF in one urban dialysis facility in Mexico City was to investigate the occurrence of IDH during HDF treatments with varying convective volume prescriptions. METHODS: Subjects were stratified into equal groups of percentiles of convective volume prescription: Group 1 of 0 to 7.53 liters, group 2 of 7.54 to 14.8 liters, group 3 of 14.9 to 16.96 liters, group 4 of 16.97 to 18.9 liters, group 5 of 21 to 19.9 liters and group 6 of 21.1 to 30 liters. Logistic Regression with and without adjustment for confounding factors was used to evaluate factors associated with the occurrence of IDH. RESULTS: 2276 treatments of 154 patients were analyzed. IDH occurred during 239 HDF treatments (10.5% of all treatments). Group 1 showed 31 treatments (8.2%) with IDH whereas group 6 showed IDH in only 15 sessions (4% of all treatments). Odds Ratio of IDH for Group 6 was 0.47 (95% CI 0.25 to 0.88) as compared to Group 1 after adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: In summary the data of this retrospective cohort study shows an inverse correlation between the occurrence of IDH and convective volume prescription. Further research in prospective settings is needed to confirm these findings.

Arterial line pressure control enhanced extracorporeal blood flow prescription in hemodialysis patients.

BACKGROUND: In hemodialysis, extracorporeal blood flow (Qb) recommendation is 300-500 mL/min. To achieve the best Qb, we based our prescription on dynamic arterial line pressure (DALP). METHODS: This prospective study included 72 patients with catheter Group 1 (G1), 1877 treatments and 35 arterio-venous (AV) fistulae Group 2 (G2), 1868 treatments. The dialysis staff was trained to prescribe Qb sufficient to obtain DALP between -200 to -250 mmHg. We measured ionic clearance (IK: mL/min), access recirculation, DALP (mmHg) and Qb (mL/min). Six prescription zones were identified: from an optimal A zone (Qb > 400, DALP -200 to -250) to zones with lower Qb E (Qb < 300, DALP -200 to -250) and F (Qb < 300, DALP > -199). RESULTS: Treatments distribution in A was 695 (37%) in G1 vs. 704 (37.7%) in G2 (P = 0.7). In B 150 (8%) in G1 vs. 458 (24.5%) in G2 (P < 0.0001). Recirculation in A was 10.0% (Inter quartile rank, IQR 6.5, 14.2) in G1 vs. 9.8% (IQR 7.5, 14.1) in G2 (P = 0.62). IK in A was 214 +/- 34 (G1) vs. 213 +/- 35 (G2) (P = 0.65). IK Anova between G2 zones was: A vs. C and D (P < 0.000001). Staff prescription adherence was 81.3% (G1) vs. 84.1% (G2) (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, an optimal Qb can de prescribed with DALP of -200 mmHg. Staff adherence to DLAP treatment prescription could be reached up to 81.3% in catheters and 84.1% in AV fistulae.